extractions

Your teeth are made of a hard, bonelike material. There are four parts:

• Enamel, your tooth's hard surface
• Dentin, the hard yellow part under the enamel
• Cementum, the hard tissue that covers the root and keeps your teeth in place
• Pulp, the soft connective tissue in the center of your tooth. It contains nerves and blood vessels.

You need your teeth for many activities that you may take for granted. These include eating, speaking and even smiling.

There are many different problems that can affect your teeth, including:

• Tooth decay - damage to a tooth's surface, which can lead to cavities
• Abscess - a pocket of pus, caused by a tooth infection
• Impacted tooth - a tooth did not erupt (break through the gum) when it should have. It is usually wisdom teeth that are impacted, but it can sometimes happen to other teeth.
• Misaligned teeth (malocclusion)
• Tooth injuries such as broken or chipped teeth

The causes of tooth disorders varies, depending on the problem. Sometimes the cause is not taking good care of your teeth. In other cases, you may have been born with the problem or the cause is an accident.

The symptoms can vary, depending on the problem. Some of the more common symptoms include:

• Abnormal color or shape of the tooth
• Tooth pain
• Worn-down teeth

Your dentist will ask about your symptoms, look at your teeth, and probe them with dental instruments. In some cases, you may need dental x-rays.

The treatment will depend on the problem. Some common treatments are:

• Fillings for cavities
• Root canals for cavities or infections that affect the pulp (inside of the tooth)
• Extractions (pulling teeth) for teeth that are impacted and causing problems or are too damaged to be fixed. You may also have a tooth or teeth pulled because of overcrowding in your mouth.

The main thing that you can do to prevent tooth disorders is to take good care of your teeth:

• Brush your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste
• Clean between your teeth every day with floss or another type of between-the-teeth cleaner
• Limit sugary snacks and drinks
• Don't smoke or chew tobacco
• See your dentist or oral health professional regularly

Tooth decay is damage to a tooth's surface, or enamel. It happens when bacteria in your mouth make acids that attack the enamel. Tooth decay can lead to cavities (dental caries), which are holes in your teeth. If tooth decay is not treated, it can cause pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

Our mouths are full of bacteria. Some bacteria are helpful. But some can be harmful, including the ones that play a role in tooth decay. These bacteria combine with food to form a soft, sticky film called plaque. The bacteria in plaque use the sugar and starch in what you eat and drink to make acids. The acids begin to eat away at the minerals on your enamel. Over time, the plaque can harden into tartar. Besides damaging your teeth, plaque and tartar can also irritate your gums and cause gum disease.

You get fluoride from toothpaste, water, and other sources. This fluoride, along with your salvia, helps the enamel repair itself by replacing the minerals. Your teeth go through this natural process of losing minerals and regaining minerals all day long. But if you don't take care of your teeth and/or you eat and drink lots of sugary or starchy things, your enamel will keep losing minerals. This leads to tooth decay.

A white spot may appear where minerals have been lost. This is an early sign of tooth decay. You may be able to stop or reverse the decay at this point. Your enamel can still repair itself, if you take better care of your teeth and limit sugary/starchy foods and drinks.

But if the tooth decay process continues, more minerals are lost. Over time, the enamel is weakened and destroyed, forming a cavity. A cavity is a hole in your tooth. It is permanent damage that a dentist has to repair with a filling.

The main risk factors for tooth decay are not taking care of your teeth and having too many sugary or starchy foods and drinks.

Some people have a higher risk of tooth decay, including people who:

• Don't have enough saliva, because of medicines, certain diseases, or some cancer treatments
• Don't get enough fluoride
• Are very young. Babies and toddlers who drink from bottles are at risk, especially if they are given juice or get bottles at bedtime. This exposes their teeth to sugars for long periods of time.
• Are older. Many older adults have receding gums and more wear on their teeth. These raise the risk of decay on the exposed root surfaces of their teeth.

In early tooth decay, you usually don't have symptoms. As tooth decay gets worse, it can cause:

• A toothache (tooth pain)
• Tooth sensitivity to sweets, hot, or cold
• White or brown stains on the surface of a tooth
• A cavity
• An infection, which can lead to an abscess (pocket of pus) forming. The abscess can cause pain, facial swelling, and fever.

Dentists usually find tooth decay and cavities by looking at your teeth and probing them with dental instruments. Your dentist will also ask if you have any symptoms. Sometimes you may need a dental x-ray.

There are several treatments for tooth decay and cavities. Which treatment you get depends on how bad the problem is:

• Fluoride treatments. If you have early tooth decay, a fluoride treatment can help the enamel to repair itself.
• Fillings. If you have a typical cavity, your dentist will remove the decayed tooth tissue and then restore the tooth by filling it with a filling material.
• Root canal. If the damage to the tooth and/or an infection spreads to the pulp (inside of the tooth), you might need a root canal. Your dentist will remove the decayed pulp and clean inside the tooth and root. The next step is to fill the tooth with a temporary filling. Then you will need to come back to get a permanent filling or a crown (a cover on the tooth).
• Extraction (pulling the tooth). In the most severe cases, when the damage to the pulp cannot be fixed, your dentist may pull the tooth. Your dentist will suggest that you get a bridge or implant to replace the missing tooth. Otherwise, the teeth next to the gap may move over and change your bite.

There are steps that you can take to prevent tooth decay:

• Make sure that you get enough fluoride by
  • Brushing with a fluoride toothpaste
  • Drinking tap water with fluoride. Most bottled water does not contain fluoride.
  • Using fluoride mouth rinse
• Practice good oral health by brushing your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and regularly flossing your teeth
• Make smart food choices by limiting foods and drinks that are high in sugars and starches. Eat nutritious, balanced meals and limit snacking.
• Do not use tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco. If you currently use tobacco, consider quitting.
• See a dentist for regular check-ups and professional cleanings
• Make sure that your children get sealants on their teeth. Dental sealants are thin plastic coatings that protect the chewing surfaces of the back teeth. Children should get sealants on their back teeth as soon as they come in, before decay can attack the teeth.

NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research